Evolution in Health and Disease Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Evolution in Health and Disease - Essay Example However, another form of evolution exists with relation to disease and patient health. In fact, an entire field of study is termed as â€Å"evolutionary medicine†. As such, this particular field is interested in determining the ways in which health and disease closely mirror evolutionary biology. As a function of understanding this fact, medical health professionals and researchers of ever variety are able to formulate treatments and care plans that will more effectively speak to the needs of the patient within the framework of understanding disease from the evolutionary standpoint. As a function of seeking to understanding this particular field of study in a more full and complete manner, this analysis will define, categorize, and explore some of the key realms within which evolutionary medicine has and continues to make valuable contributions to the medical community and treatment of disease. In such a way, the study of evolutionary biology as related to the human body and t he field of medicine and health is ultimately the study of change and how it is exhibited on the body as well as the pathogen, organ, or feature of the body that is targeted for treatment. When one considers evolutionary biology, one of the first items that comes to mind is of course the way that living organisms have the innate ability to shift, change, and adapt in order to survive and thrive within their environment (Trotter et al 2011, pg. 41). Ideally, this is a good thing; however, with the case of a variety of pathogens, the ability to morph, change, and alter the way in which they react to certain substances and environments means that pathogens that had been able to be treated using a variety of different means can eventually become somewhat immune to such efforts and require the medical community to actively engage and seek out new ways in which to stop the spread of disease; oftentimes utilizing entirely different means than the pathogen itself has become immune to. One o f the ways that pathogens can exhibit a type of evolutionary biology with reference to a type of â€Å"learned† immunity is with respect to the way that certain pathogens survive the administration of a given antibiotic (Valles 2012, p. 256). As with the model of the natural selection and survival of the fittest, this means that those pathogens that survive the administration of the antibiotic are generally less affected by its subsequent administration than the original culture of pathogens which were first exposed. This is very much the same principle whereby humans themselves develop a type of immunity to certain diseases based upon the fact that their body’s immune system has â€Å"seen† the pathogens at an earlier date and becomes, at least in some way, resistant to them. Figure 1.0 below shows the ways in which bacteria becomes resistant to antibiotics over time. Figure 1.0 Although a natural process and merely part of evolution itself, this particular asp ect of evolutionary medicine is both worrisome and troublesome for pharmacologists, researchers, and medical healthcare professionals alike as they seek to develop and utilize new strains of drugs to treat increasingly resistant pathogens. However, the fact of the matter is that not only do some pathogens become immune themselves to the drugs that doctors might administer to help the body fight them off, the most dangerous pathogens have â€Å"

Supply and Demand Essay Example for Free

Supply and Demand Essay Chapter 3—Supply and Demand Question 1. Draw a demand curve with an equilibrium price and quantity, show what happens on your diagram when each of the following events occurs. Explain whether each of the following events represents a (i) shift of the demand curve or (ii) a movement along the demand curve. (a) A store owner finds that customers are willing to pay more for umbrellas on rainy days (b) When XYZ Telecom, a long-distance telephone service provider, offered reduced prices for its services on weekends, the volume of weekend calling increased sharply. Question 2. The following table represents the demand and supply for orchids (a type of flower). Plot the curves on the diagram below a) Graph both the supply (S0) and the demand (D0) curves. What is the current equilibrium price and quantity? b) Something has happen to the supply of orchids and the new supply curve is given above. Graph the new supply curve. Is there a temporary shortage or surplus before the market adjusts? What is the new equilibrium price and quantity? c) Name all the factors that could shift the supply curve like it has? Question 3. In the following situation, draw the market for wheat After each event described below, what will happen to the equilibrium price and quantity as a result? Draw a diagram and be sure to label everything. (i) Due to good weather, 1997 was a very good year for Prairie wheat growers, who produced a bumper crop of wheat. At the same time, there is an announcement by the Canadian Health Organization saying that corn is bad for your heart.

Data WareHouse :: Technology, Database

Being a market leader today requires competitive advantage over rival organizations. By investing in data warehouses, organizations can better predict the trends in market and offer services best suited to the needs of their customers. A Data Warehouse (DW) can be defined as a subject-oriented, non-volatile database having records over years [1,2]. DWs support the strategic decision-making process and help to answer questions such as "Who was our best customer for this item last year?"[3]. Different DW systems consists of different components, however, some core components are shared by most DW systems. The first component is the data sources. DW receives input from different data sources (such as Point-Of-Sales (POS) systems, Automated Teller Machines (ATM) in banks, checkout terminals etc). The second component is the data staging area. The data comes from data sources and it is placed in the staging area, where the data is treated with different transformations and cleansed of any anomalies. After this transformation, the data is placed in the third component which is known as storage area, which is usually a Relational Database Management System (RDBMS). This process of data extraction from data sources, transformation and finally loading in storage area is regarded as Extract, Transform and Load (ETL). The saved data from the storage can be viewed by reporting units. Different On-line Analytical Processing (OLAP) tools assist in generating reports based on the da ta saved in the storage area [4,5,6,7,8]. We believe that testing should be ingrained in DW development. Thus, each of the DW components should be tested. One of the main challenges in testing the DW systems is the fact that DW systems are different among organizations, each organization has its own DW system that conforms with its own requirements and needs, which leads to having differences between DW systems in several aspects (such as database technology, tools used, size, number of users, number of data sources, how the components are connected, etc.)[9]. Another big challenge that is faced by the DW testers is regarding the test data preparation. Making use of real data for testing purpose is a violation of citizen’s privacy laws in some countries (for example, using real data of bank accounts and other information is illegal in many countries). For a proper testing of a DW, presence of a huge amount of test data is necessary. In real-time environment, the system may behave differently in the presence of terabyt es of data [10].

The Marketing of Art

The Marketing of Art Part 1: Target Market and Competition When determining a target market a marketer must first research their product and the consumers who purchase the product, then decide what type of consumer would the marketer prefer to attract to the product they are marketing (Guille, n. d. ). The product that was chosen for this class was Art. To determine our particular target market we must get to know our product. Britannica Encyclopedia defines art as, â€Å"the use of skill and imagination in the creation of aesthetic objects, environments, or experiences that can be shared with others† (Britannica Online, 2011). Choosing a target market in which to promote our product is quite a difficult task since art is not a commodity that is normally regulated. Although the demographics of individuals who buy art are categorized into five types: †¢Collector – this type buys art simply for the love of the piece that is purchased. †¢Investor – this type buys art in hopes of earning a profit. †¢Decorator – this type uses art as a way to fill and empty space. †¢Believer – this individual believes that the particular piece that is purchased has a significant meaning or story attached to it and buys art just for the love of art. Money burner – this type is an individual who buys art for a status symbol or because they can afford to do so. To find our target market we will digest the framework of art. Art is usually placed in a particular space for a long period of time and the purchaser will most likely own the home that the artwork is located in (Genn, 2 004). Art is not a cheap investment, in 2009 while the Lehman Brother’s was declaring bankruptcy, Sotheby’s made $200 million in London at an art auction, so our target market would have to be able to afford the pieces. Also to determine your target market a marketer needs to understand why a consumer purchases products or services. A consumer purchases a product or service for three main reasons; to satisfy a need, to solve a problem, or to make themselves feel good. The marketer must know the demographics of their area. In Tucson, Arizona the largest art purchasers are over the age of 50, the demographics of Tucson show that the 50+ populations makes up 22. 1% of the total population. Americans over the age of 50 own more homes and enjoy more then $900 billion in income as compared to the younger populations (U. S. Census Bureau, 2011). According to Business Week Magazine the 50+ generation or more likely to buy online products and 42% over the age of 65 have made online purchases. The senior generation is the most overlooked target market in the advertising sector, even though 41% of them purchase more products then any other target market category (Kaiser, n. d. ). The next step in marketing is to identify your competitor’s, and currently there are nine top art houses that operate online as well as international (ArtBusiness. com, n. d. ). Sotheby’s and Christie’s are among the most well known in the art world. The main advantage that these art houses have over James’ Art Showroom is the name. People recognize and trust these dealers since they have been in business for a long time and have a great reputation. Christie’s is still a privately owned company and therefore the financial information is unavailable. However, many art brokers have projected that 2011 will be a profitable year for the auction house. Sotheby’s is a publicly traded company and their financial information is available on their website for potential investor’s to read. In 2009 Sotheby’s show revenue of $484,958 and in 2010 of $774,309, this is an increase of 59. 7% (Sotheby’s, 2011). The expected revenue projections have Sotheby’s increasing the profit margin by at least 32. 7% in 2011 end of the year calculations. For James’ Art Showroom to exceed the consumer expectations, the company due to the fact that it is smaller it will be able to provide a more personal art buying experience as well as provide a chance for upcoming artist to acquire a name for himself or herself within the Art world. Part 2: Integrated Marketing Communication Plan The integrated marketing communication plan is a combination of all the company’s plans and goals combined into one format. The integrated marketing communications plan should contain the same theme throughout, such as if the business plans on producing an advertising theme then the theme should be the same for the website and any print advertisements. This is done as a way for your customers to link all the graphics and messages to the company in which you are marketing (ArtBusiness, n. . ). There are five major components in an integrated marketing communications plan: †¢Web site †¢Advertising †¢Marketing collateral †¢Online marketing †¢Trade shows/ Auctions The web site that was created for the promotion of James’ Art Showroom was simple but professional. It included contact information and links to Facebook and Twitter. The web site also gave information about the company and the reason the com pany was created. For advertising, the company would choose direct mailings to schools that are designated for artists. The company would also host regular fundraising events to introduce the local community to the artist that reside in the area. The company was started as a way to help unknown artist and art buyers connect, the company although hopes to earn a profit in the future was not started as a money generating business but merely as a vessel to help people who love creating art meet those who love purchasing and owning art. The message that the company would like to implore is a symbol of bringing individuals with common interest together. The online marketing plan is simply to get the message to the target market that the company exists. This can be done through the use of social media and e-mail list. The final step in creating an integrated marketing communication plan is to allow my customers a chance to participate in art auctions throughout the world by using my website as a connection. By working with the major auction houses, such as Sotheby’s my artist may be able to have some of their work viewed or even purchased by art dealers on the international level. Reference: ArtBusiness. com. (n. d. ). Domestic and International Art Market Sales Statistics. Retrieved on November 6, 2011, from http://www. artbusiness. com/marketdata. html Britannica Online. (2011). Retrieved on October 4, 2011, from http://www. britannica. com Genn, Robert. (2004). Art Buyers. Retrieved on October 23, 2011, from http://www. painterskeys. com/clickbacks/art-buyers. asp Guille, Marilyn. (n. d. ). How To Find And Sell To Your Target Market. Retrieved on October 23, 2011, from http://sbinfocanada. bout. com/cs/marketing/a/targetmarket. htm Kaiser, Frank. (n. d. ). Secrets Of Successfully Advertising To Seniors. Retrieved on October 23, 2011, from http://www. suddenlysenior. com/howtoadvertiseseniors. html Sotheby’s. (2011). Web site. Retrieved on November 6, 2011, from http://investor. shareholder. com/bid/index. cfm U. S. Census Bureau. (2011). Home page. Retrieved on November 6, 2011, from http://factfinder2. census. gov/faces/nav/jsf/pages/searchresults. xhtml

“My Son the Marine” by Frank Schueffer Essay

The story â€Å"My Son the Marine† Is written by Frank Schueffer. The reason for this paper is to identify weather or no to author used logos ethos or pathos in the story. The story took place on a summer day. One day after high school a young boy decides he wanted to join the military. The young boy talks to almost all of the military recruiters except one. Later that afternoon there was a knock on his door from the one military branch he did not visit, The United States Marine Corp (USMC). The boy was taken by the appearance and demeanor of the two marines at his door. After his talk with the marines he decided that is he was to join the military he would definitely join the marine. The boy’s father could not understand his decision. he thought it was a waste of his son’s talent and could envision his soft son the one that like poetry would be tough enough to handle the mental, physical and emotional aspects of the journey to becoming a Marine . Later in the story the father starts to understand the question of why his son wants to join the USMC. The logos of this story is shown when the father changes his mind set from, my son couldn’t possibly be a Marine to thinking of his son as a Marine. â€Å"Did he have it in him to become a Marine? I knew that john’s idea of a good time was to curl up in front of the fireplace and rereading his favorite bits of The Hobbit.† To a parent worst fear is that there children will try something that is out of the area of knowledge and the child gets there hope up only to fall short of their goals. â€Å"When his son parade in†, a tall Marine† every parent dreams that there children will succeed. There are only a few examples of ethos; one was shown when the father was over thinking his son’s decision to join the military. â€Å"Why the hell was John going into the Marines†? The other example  of ethos, which is more profound, is the last par t of the story but certainly no least when the father hangs up the phone from talking to his son. â€Å"I stared at the television there were fire-fighters cops and military personnel struggling to find survivors and thousands dead. I felt deeply frustrated being able to do nothing. At least I knew that I could look the men and women in uniform in the eyes. My son, after all, was one of them†. The author did a great job of building repore and empathy for the father in the story. The author was able to use creative use of words to set the tone or mood of the father’s confusion about his sons need for to become the â€Å"few the proud a Marine†. The tone that was created was soft, protective, and thoughtful. And showed a change in tone and mode when the fathers son finally graduated and became a Marine The story, in conclusion, is a heartfelt story of a man and his son. It concerns the journey off what parents go through when saying goodbye to their children as they set off in unknown and unchartered territory. The pride the parents feel when their children suc ceed is exponential. The author wss able to capture the heart sting of the reader. Although the author used false logic to almost convince the father that his son was destined to fail. Works Cited Scueffer, Frank. My Son the Marine. Reading Literature and writing assignements 4th ed.

Spanish Words for Get

Spanish Words for Get Get is one of those English verbs that is notoriously difficult to translate. It has a wide variety of meanings and is also used in quite a few idioms. Each of them needs to be looked at individually to determine how best to say it in Spanish. Here are some of the most common meanings of get and ways that you can say them in Spanish. Fast Facts The English verb get has a long list of meanings, so it there are many verbs that can be used to translate it into Spanish.Many phrases using get cannot be translated word for word into Spanish.One of the most common meanings of get is obtain, which can often be translated using obtener or conseguir. When 'Get' Means 'Obtain' Common Spanish verbs meaning get in the sense of obtaining include obtener (conjugated in the same way as tener) and conseguir (conjugated in the same way as seguir): Voy a obtener la licenciatura que siempre quise. (Im going to get the degree Ive always wanted.)Diseà ±an un barco que obtiene su energà ­a de las olas. (They are designing a boat that gets its energy from the waves.)El gobierno canadiense consiguià ³ voto de confianza. (The Canadian government got a vote of confidence.)Te conseguimos el mejor precio para tu coche nuevo. (We got you the best price for your new car.) If get carries with it the ideas of obtaining and bringing, the verb traer can often be used: Treme dos galletas, por favor. (Get me two cookies, please. Recibir is frequently used with certain nouns as in recibir un prà ©stamo (to get a loan), recibir una respuesta (to get a response), recibir un e-mail (to get an email), and recibir un trasplante (to get a transplant). When 'Get' Refers to a Change in Emotions It is common in English to say that a person gets angry, gets sad, gets happy, and so on. Many of those phrases have particular verbs to express the thought in Spanish. Among them: enfadarse (to get angry). entristecerse (to get sad), alegrarse (to get happy), preocuparse (to get worried), and confundirse (to get confused). It is also possible to use the verb ponerse to indicate a change in emotions. Me puse feliz al leer su mensaje. (I got happy when I read your message.)Se puso triste porque fue a la nevera a buscar mi botella de agua y estaba vacà ­a. (He got sad because he went to the refrigerator to look for his bottle of water and it was empty.)Mi decisià ³n se debià ³ sencillamente a que me fastidià © de depender de la nicotina. (My decision came about simply because I got annoyed at depending on nicotine.)En ocasiones me exaspero. (Sometimes I get impatient.) When 'Get' Refers to Success Among the verb choices when get is used to refer to the meeting of a goal are llegar a and conseguir. Either of them are typically followed by an infinitive. No llegaron a ver la luz del dà ­a. (They didnt get to see daylight.)Lleguà © a estudiar a Santiago en 1982. (I got to study in Santiago in 1982.)Consiguieron mirar una pelà ­cula de la accià ³n de Hong Kong. (They got to watch an action film from Hong Kong.) 'Get' Meaning 'To Understand' Either entender or comprender can usually be used for to understand. The verbs are usually interchangeable, although entender is more common in most areas. No lo entiendo/comprendo.  (I dont get it.)No entiende/comprende por quà © no le preguntà ³ por su nà ºmero de telà ©fono. (He doesnt get why she never asked him for his telephone number.) 'Get' Meaning 'To Earn' Ganar can usually be used in the sense of get when it means earn whether referring to money or something less tangible such as a victory. Gana cien pesos por hora. (She gets 100 pesos per hour.)El ejà ©rcito mexicano finalmente ganà ³ la victoria ms increà ­ble de la historia militar. (The Mexican army finally got the most incredible victory in military history.) 'Get' for Arriving Llegar can be used to speak of getting to a location. Llegà ³ a casa a las cinco. (He got home at 5.)No llegarà © a la oficina.  (I will not get to the office.) Phrases Using 'Get' The English verb get is part of many phrases - many of them phrasal verbs - that cant be translated word for word into Spanish. Here are some of the most common with possible translations: Get across: Hacerle entender algo for getting someone to understand something; cruzar de un lado a otro for going from one side to another. Get along: Marcharse or irse when meaning to go away; progresar when meaning to progress; funcionar when meaning to function or to work in that sense. To get along with someone is llevarse bien con alguien. Get around: Salir a menudo when meaning to get from place to place. Get ahead: Tener à ©xito or abrirse camino for getting ahead in life; tomar la delantera for getting ahead of someone. Get around: Circular or difundirse for news or gossip; evitar, solventar or sortear for getting around an obstacle or problem; convencer or persuadir for getting around a person. Get away: Escaparse for escaping; irse or salir for leaving; salir impune or irse de rositas for avoiding responsibility. Get dirty: Ensuciarse or mancharse when referring to physical filth; hacer trampa for cheating at a game. Get back: Volver for returning; retirarse or apartarse for retreating. Get better: Mejorar. Get bigger: Crecer. Get by: Arreglrselas or apaà ±rselas for managing to do something; pasar for passing a person or thing. Get high: Ponerse colocado or ponerse flipado when referring to a drug-induced high; ascender a un lugar alto for moving to a high place. Get down: Usually bajar or bajarse. To get down on ones knees is ponerse de rodillas. Get dressed: Vestirse. Get in: Entrar when meaning to enter. Get into: Entrar when meaning to enter; subir a when referring to a vehicle; adquirir el hbito for getting into a habit; empezar a disfrutar for getting into an activity; hacer cola for getting into a line; meterse en for getting into a career. Get in trouble: Meterse en problemas or meterse en un là ­o. Get married: Usually casarse. El 20 de septiembre nos casamos Alicia y yo. On Sept. 20 Alicia and I are getting married. Get off: Bajarse for getting off a vehicle such as a bus; irse for leaving; escaparse for avoiding punishment. Get on: Subir a or montarse for getting on a vehicle or horse; seguir or continuar for continuing an activity; hacerse viejo for getting on in years; progresar for progressing. Get out: Irse or salir for leaving; bajarse for getting out of a vehicle; levantarse for getting out of bed; sacar for removing an object or sacarse for removing oneself. Get over: Recobrarse or recuperarse for getting over an illness. The idea of youll get over it can be expressed by ya te se pasar or no te importar. Get started: Comenzar or empezar. Get to business: Ir al grano. Get to (do something): To have the opportunity to is tener la oportunidad de (hacer algo). Get up: To arise is levantarse. Verbs with similar meanings include despertarse for getting out of bed and ponerse de pie for standing up. Get worse: Empeorar.

Free Essays on Miracle Or Mirage

Miracle or Mirage Could the Miracle of Helena really be the Mirage of Helena? A prominent editor for the New York Times has hailed the original article as The Miracle of Helena, while urging readers to give the article way more credit than it deservers. According to an article written by Steven Milloy, on Friday October 17, 2003; (The known publisher of Junk Science.Com and known scholar and published author) The Second Hand Smoke Scam. Milloy claims there is not enough factual evidence to support the theory that the ban on smoking in Helena was associated with the drop in heart attack patient admissions at the local hospital. In 2002 the citizens of Helena opted to ban smoking in all public buildings. After a six-month period the ban was rescinded. During the six-month period doctors at a local hospital reported that heart attack patient admissions had dropped. Then after the ban was rescinded the admissions of heart attack patients rebounded to the pre-ban levels. Milloy states there was simply no study to account for heart attack rates dropping due to the smoking ban. Since there had been a similar drop four years prior in 1998. This drop was unrelated to a smoking ban. This study was not easy to evaluate because there was no study. The results were a slide show presentation at the annual meeting of the American College of Cardiology and six months later no study has been released to the public. So how did the editor at the New York Times get his facts? Given the fact there were no medical test done on any of the heart attack patients admitted prior to, during, or after the smoking ban it would be impossible to determine whether or not the attacks were caused by second hand smoke, genetics, life style, or environmental factors. Therefore to say that the drop in heart attack patients during the ban was due to second hand smoke would be outrageous. This seems to be more of a mirage of Helena than a miracle of Helena. Dr. Stan ... Free Essays on Miracle Or Mirage Free Essays on Miracle Or Mirage Miracle or Mirage Could the Miracle of Helena really be the Mirage of Helena? A prominent editor for the New York Times has hailed the original article as The Miracle of Helena, while urging readers to give the article way more credit than it deservers. According to an article written by Steven Milloy, on Friday October 17, 2003; (The known publisher of Junk Science.Com and known scholar and published author) The Second Hand Smoke Scam. Milloy claims there is not enough factual evidence to support the theory that the ban on smoking in Helena was associated with the drop in heart attack patient admissions at the local hospital. In 2002 the citizens of Helena opted to ban smoking in all public buildings. After a six-month period the ban was rescinded. During the six-month period doctors at a local hospital reported that heart attack patient admissions had dropped. Then after the ban was rescinded the admissions of heart attack patients rebounded to the pre-ban levels. Milloy states there was simply no study to account for heart attack rates dropping due to the smoking ban. Since there had been a similar drop four years prior in 1998. This drop was unrelated to a smoking ban. This study was not easy to evaluate because there was no study. The results were a slide show presentation at the annual meeting of the American College of Cardiology and six months later no study has been released to the public. So how did the editor at the New York Times get his facts? Given the fact there were no medical test done on any of the heart attack patients admitted prior to, during, or after the smoking ban it would be impossible to determine whether or not the attacks were caused by second hand smoke, genetics, life style, or environmental factors. Therefore to say that the drop in heart attack patients during the ban was due to second hand smoke would be outrageous. This seems to be more of a mirage of Helena than a miracle of Helena. Dr. Stan ...