Who Is Alan Turing Essay Example for Free

Who Is Alan Turing EssayAlan Turing (1912 1954) was a British mathematician, logician, and cryptographer considered by many to be the father of computer science. His contributions to breaking the German Nazi Enigma code during WWII were considered pivotal to the Allied war effort. Alan Turing formulated multiple ideas that now lie at the foundations of computer science and computability theory, such as the idea of a Turing machine or the Church-Turing thesis.ContributionsComputer somaer In 1945, Turing was recruited to the National Physical Laboratory (NPL) in London to design and develop an electronic computer. His design for the Automatic Computing Engine (ACE) was the first relatively complete specification of an electronic stored-program general-purpose digital computer. Had Turings ACE been built as planned, it would have had considerably more memory than any of the other early computers, as well as being faster.However, his colleagues at NPL thought the engineering too difficult to attempt, and a much simpler machine was built, the Pilot Model ACE. In the end, NPL lost the race to build the macrocosms first working electronic stored-program digital computeran honour that went to the Royal Society Computing Machine Laboratory at the University of Manchester in June 1948. discouraged by the delays at NPL, Turing took up the deputy directorship of the Computing Machine Laboratory in that year (there was no director).His earlier theoretical concept of a everyday Turing machine had been a fundamental influence on the Manchester computer project from its inception. Turings principal practical contribution after his arrival at Manchester was to design the programming system of the Ferranti Mark I, the worlds first commercially available electronic digital computer. Artificial intelligence pioneerTuring was a foot father of modern cognitive science and a leading early exponent of the hypothesis that the human brain is in large part a digital computing machine. He theorized that the cortex at birth is an unorganised machine that through training becomes organized into a universal machine or something like it. A pioneer of artificial intelligence, Turing proposed (1950) what subsequently became known as the Turing test as a criterion for whether a machine thinks.

Theory of Mind Essay Example for Free

possibleness of understanding EssayWithin this TMA I will be discussing Theory of Mind and how it may stimulate evolved in worldly concern, using the Theory of Evolution to explain this. I will as well be looking at what the adaptive function of Theory of Mind in humans may be. The adaptive function in this essay means the relative ability of a person to effectively interact with society on in all levels and care for ones self affected by ones enthusiasm to practice skills and follow opportunities for enhancement. Evolution is the procedure which neo organisms have descended from the earliest ancestors. Evolution is accountable for both the similarities and the diversity across all species. Essential to the handle is contractable variation on which selective forces can act in order for evolution to occur. Evolution can also be described as descent with modification. Evolution occurs when there is a modification in gene regularity in a population over time. These genetic differences can be inherited and may be passed on to the subsequent generations. The main idea of evolution is all life on earth shares a common ancestor. Charles Darwin archetypical proposed the theory of evolution after spending time on the Galapagos Islands. He developed the theory of evolution which would oppose the creation of man and imply that all species derived from common ancestors through with(predicate) natural selection.Natural selection is thought to be the main factor resulting in the diversity of species. Natural Selection is as state by Barrett (2002) The process whereby physical and behavioral peculiaritys which enable survival are passed onto descendants (as cited in Clegg. 2007. Pg121). The disappearance of less suited gene traits and the survival of the collapse suited genetic traits led Darwin to reason that organisms had evolved over time, where the most availous characteristics of species are preferred and those organisms who demonstrate them survive t o pass on their genes. Darwin believed that organisms had evolved to adapt to their environments.This allowed them to see a niche in which they would be well suited to their environment and in turn increase survival chances. Darwins finches are an example of the way the species genetic traits have adapted for long term survival via their young. The beaks of the finches Darwin discovered have evolved to be best suited to their purpose. For example, the finches that eat grubs have a slim all-encompassing beak to poke holes into the earth and retrieve the grubs. Finches that eat fruits and buds would not be successful at this, as their larger beaks grind down food which gives them an advantage in situations where buds are the only food source for finches.Within humans many adaptations have occurred through Darwins idea of natural selection. An adaptation is an evolved office of an organism, the original function of which adds to its fitness (Clegg, 2007, p122). One of these adaptati ons is called Theory of Mind. Theory of Mind is the ability to explain and predict the actions of both oneself and other (Clegg, 2007, p133). To have Theory of Mind would allow humans to understand what another person feels and use that information to adjust their own actions Studies have been carried out on primates closely link up to humans in the gene pool to try and understand the evolution of Theory of Mind. One observation completed by Whiten in 1997 was that of an emulator who distracted another to keep the competitor from food which the original ape had seen (as cited in Clegg, 2007, p139). This apes deception may point to the ape possessing or so Theory of Mind as it realised that the competitor would have desired the food item also.This can also be related to modern humans as the ability to find food can also be a difficult task for some people such as the tribes who inhabit in the deserts. This will attract a partner as it shows the ability to provide and survive, and will be passed through generations. Archaeological evidence can also be apply to try to understand the evolution of Theory of Mind in our ancestors, when it fully appeared in Homo sapiens and its adaptive function. The appearance of archaeological art e.g. cave drawings, around 30,000 years ago shows the humans at the time had the ability to imagine things which allowed them to create the artwork. With the ability to do this it can be said that the people who drew the artwork possessed Theory of Mind.These cave drawings may have been used to attract a partner, which means the genes for imagining and creating the artwork would have been passed to their subsequent children. This adaptation would provide the next generation of humans with the ability to imagine and therefore possessing a quality of Theory of Mind. When this adaptation was passed on and used by the children it would have allowed them to create partnerships and their offspring would also have the same trait. This woul d allow the gene to become an advantage and therefore be passed on through the generations and continue until the Homo sapiens of today. The ability to imagine can still be used today as a means of attracting a partner.Theory of Mind also allows us to interact with success with other humans and how to understand how someone is feeling from their actions. With the evidence and explanations provided Theory of Mind is an advantage to modern humans as its adaptive function may be to allow individuals to survive longer and therefore create more offspring with the desirable characteristic to suit the environment into which it is born. This allows the Homo sapiens to continue to survive upon the earth.ReferencesClegg, H (2007). Evolutionary Psychology. In D. Miell, A. Phoenix, K. Thomas (Eds), Mapping Psychology (2nd ed., pp.105-160). Milton Keynes The Open University

Influenza Vaccination for Pregnant Health Care Workers

In grippeenza Vaccination for Pregnant Health C argon WorkersJee Hae Kim entryA veritable pregnant nurse was fired because of ref utilise to make water a flu shot in Pennsylvania in December, 2013 (Murphy, 2013). Getting a flu shot is the one of the biggest issues for health bang professionals who are especially pregnant health tutelage workers. However, inoculation still remains the well-nigh effective vogue for preventing severe flu illness. According Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG), seasonal flu inoculation is recommended for all pregnant women (Goldfarb, Panda, Wylie Riley, 2011). But, why do they hesitate to get a flu shot?Current vaccination rate flu vaccination rate for pregnant women is still low in the US. In 2005, the US achieved just 16% influenza vaccination coverage of pregnant women, and it is estimated that less than 10% of pregnant women who are at highest risk of influenza recei ve the vaccine (Broughton, Beigi, Switzer, Raker Anderson, 2009). Even with increased morbidity during pregnancy from seasonal influenza, only 11% of pregnant women were vaccinated during the 2008 through 2009 flu season (Dlugacz, Fleischer, Carney, Copperman, Ahmed, Ross Silverman, 2012). In addition, influenza vaccination rates have remained substantially below 50% for Health Care Personnel (HCP). Within the population of HCP, nurses have been shown to have pass up influenza vaccination rates than physicians (Clark, Cowan Wortley, 2009). Although the rate is getting increase little by little, it is still low compared to physicians vaccination rate.Barriers for vaccinationAccording to a certain survey, 58.3% of forbearings reported feeling scared or so seasonal flu infection during their pregnancy (Goldfarb, et al., 2011). What are the main causes they are afraid of getting a flu shot? One of those reasons is that they have a fear uncertainly because they do non know specifi cally how safe flu vaccine is while they are pregnant. In addition, they do not know as well about how dangerous unvaccinated status is during pregnancy. Vaccinated nurses demonstrated greater knowledge about influenza and risk factors for influenza, while unvaccinated nurses believed they were not at risk (Clark, et al., 2009). These facts show that knowledge about safety of vaccine is one of the most of the essence(predicate) keys to decide whether they get a flu shot or not. Vaccine declination was associated with less knowledge about influenza, lower perceived susceptibility, and beliefs that the vaccine is not efficacious of safe (Eppes, Cameron, Gracia Grobman, 2013). Furthermore, health care workers in the obstetric field also have limited knowledge about the epidemiology of influenza infection and most of them do not consider influenza as a potentially serious disease (Broughton, et al., 2009).Political, social and economic backgroundsThe states role is to reduce morbidity and mortality by nosocomial inflammation of influenza and maintenance of a reasonable health care workforce and to show that mandatory influenza vaccination is somewhat colligate to reducing the flu budget (Ottenberg, Poland, Jacobson, Koenig Tilburt, 2011). It can be one of the political reasons for getting a flu shot for health care workers and political relation forces them to vaccinate.In addition, we can concern about economic aspect. The commerce command can make the federal government regulate activity essentially that affects inter-state commerce, including separate of the health care industry which is related to the management infectious disease and prevention. With the man health service act, health and human services department in the US has organized the national vaccine plan, the national vaccine advisory committee, and the national vaccine injury compensation program (Ottenberg, et al., 2011). Through these mechanisms, the commerce legislation permitted the fed eral government to control, strengthen, or potentially obligate the vaccination of health care workers against influenza and ensure fair movement to arbitrate complaints related to vaccination (Ottenberg, et al., 2011). It shows that mandatory vaccination can lead saving budget for government because they do not have to pay for the treatment of the secondary infection for lot due to influenza.Ethical concerns in that location are also possible ethical arguments underlying mandatory vaccination. Hospitals are enforcing health care workers to vaccinate for two firsthand reasons. The one is for supporting of the professional duty of health care workers to benefit for patients individually and to Do No Harm and an opposite is for meeting the shared obligations of hospitals and health care workers to protect the public health with infectious disease which is preventable (Ottenberg, et al., 2011). In these situations, we can think about the important questions such as What are the oblig ations of health care workers to their patients? or Is it proper for patients to expect health care workers to get a flu shot because of influenza?Possible solutionsI hint some solutions to promote vaccination for pregnant health care workers. First of all, the convenience of influenza vaccination is strongly needed such as using mobile vaccination carts. Instead of fixed date or time for vaccination, health care workers can have it depending on their schedules. Secondly, provision of free vaccination and peer vaccination is another good method for promoting vaccination. For example, some pregnant nurses who are already vaccinated could be a good model for other pregnant nurses who are not vaccinated yet. Thirdly, incentive programs also can be a great way for health care workers. If they can get extra pay, the rate of vaccination can be raised. Lastly, education about safety of vaccination for pregnant health care workers is the most effective method. Indeed, I had concerned about wearing a mask while they are working without vaccination, but this could be not a perfect prevention of epidemic influenza. Instead of this, it would be better to persuade them who refuse vaccination and to emphasize again about the safety of vaccination during pregnancy.Safety of vaccination during pregnancyThere are already several studies to prove safety of vaccination during pregnancy. According to CDC, studies of a lot of pregnant women in scientific view have canvas the safety of vaccination during pregnancy. These studies did not show any evidence of danger to pregnant women, even to the unborn fetus and to newborns of vaccinated women (CDC, 2013). In addition, the Food and medicine Administrations (FDA) and CDCs periodic monitoring of side do natural event has not raised safety concerns (CDC, 2013). Rumors and fears should not be an obstacle to promoting patient safety and public health. The implementation of mandatory vaccination should solve the ambiguous concerns a nd misconceptions of vaccine safety as well. Rates of serious side effects occurrence following vaccination, such as Guillain-Barr syndrome, are vanishingly low as no higher than 1 in 1,000,000 (CDC, 2013).ConclusionAmong several solutions as I mentioned above, I guess the best way to promote the flu-vaccination rate for pregnant health care providers is education. An effective educational strategy should focus on know misconceptions and knowledge gaps. Furthermore, the influence of health care workers on patient vaccination coverage should not be underestimated. It has been shown that health care workers recommendations have positive effects on the likelihood of patients to be vaccinated (Broughton, et al., 2009). According to an article, women whose maternity care provider has recommended the vaccine are much more likely to receive it than those whose providers did not (Broughton, et al., 2009). It shows that how critical education affect not only pregnant health care workers, but also pregnant patients.I insist that health care workers should be vaccinated because reducing the transmission of preventable diseases cannot prevent any harm in the clinical care area. Health care worker vaccination of influenza is consistent with a collective professional accountability to treat all patients moderately and to use appropriate precautions against preventable harms.With mandatory health care worker vaccination, health care organizations should make sure that vaccination is an informed procedure. Health care workers should also get the information clearly about benefits and risks related to influenza vaccination and that vaccines are offered handily.ReferenceBroughton, D. E., Beigi, R. H., Switzer, G. E., Raker, C. A., Anderson, B. L. (2009). Obstetric health care workers attitudes and beliefs regarding influenza vaccination in pregnancy. Obstetrics Gynecology, 114(5), 981-987.Center for Disease Control (2013, kinfolk 3). Seasonal Flu Vaccine Safety and Pregnant Women. Retrieved March 17, 2014 from http//www.cdc.gov/flu/protect/vaccine/qa_vacpregnant.htmClark, S. J., Cowan, A. E., Wortley, P. M. (2009). Influenza vaccination attitudes and practices among US registered nurses. American Journal of transmitting Control, 37(7), 551-556.Danzon, P. M., Pereira, N. S., Tejwani, S. S. (2005). Vaccine supply a cross-national perspective. Health Affairs, 24(3), 706-717.Dlugacz, Y., Fleischer, A., Carney, M. T., Copperman, N., Ahmed, I., Ross, Z., Silverman, R. A. (2012). 2009 H1N1 vaccination by pregnant women during the 2009-10 H1N1 influenza pandemic. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 206(4), 339-e1.Eppes, C., Wu, A., You, W., Cameron, K. A., Garcia, P., Grobman, W. (2013). Barriers to influenza vaccination among pregnant women. Vaccine, 31(27), 2874-2878.Goldfarb, I., Panda, B., Wylie, B., Riley, L. (2011). use of goods and services of influenza vaccine in pregnant women during the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic. American journa l of obstetrics and gynecology, 204(6), S112-S115.Murphy Carrie (2013, Dec 23). Pregnant Nurse Wrongfully Fired For Refusing Flu Shot Because Of Miscarriage Concerns. Mommish.com. Retrieved March 21, 2014, from http//www.mommyish.com/2013/12/23/pregnant-nurse-wrongfully-fired-refusing-flu-shot.Ottenberg, A. L., Wu, J. T., Poland, G. A., Jacobson, R. M., Koenig, B. A., Tilburt, J. C. (2011). Vaccinating health care workers against influenza the ethical and legal rationale for a mandate.American journal of public health,101(2), 212.

How motivation theories help elicit effort from employees

How motivation theories armed service elicit move from employeesFor a play along to successfull run, company should come up with germinal brains and high efficiency of the feat, and to do that, a watertight should be able to motivate each worker of the firm to elicit each of their discretionary effort. It is be pillow slip, it at a time links with the total net income spending of the company which should be linked to outcome and cost of monitoring effort and holding all of those making employees testamenting to work allow for endpoint in greater efficiency of the company.Employees argon the core or the main body of all the production of product and service. So how goat a company which does non even satisfy their own workers will possibly satisfy the customers with high quality product and service?()Therefore, there is an idea weighing on the worldly concernagement style of of the workers, by the workers, for the workers().Following to above management style, manager of big companies are developing or considering variety propel techniques and motivation theories. So firms not only need deal fast with each of their own fast-changing environment just now also concentrate to create outstrip working condition for the workers to maximize motivation.Like firms mentioned above with motivation, they are nimble to listen to the claims of the employees. They apply techniques wish project team-work, performance-linked pay and incentives to reach perfect inner-service to the workers.So, like above, there is gaining importance of giving motivation to workers. In this es read, I will search and study theories of motivation and look in to detail of successful firm Nokia and analyze this firm by doing it so, I would like to find out the meaning of motivation and how well those managers of Nokia waste elicited discretionary effort from workers for the company. speculationMaslows Hierarchy of Needs theoryMost famous is Abraham Maslows hierarchy of demand the ory. He believed that there is 5 take of hierarchy of needs exist deep down tender-hearted nature. (A.H. Maslow, A surmisal of Human Motivation, Psychological Review 50(4) (1943)370-96)Physiological NeedsIt is simply most basic needs for human to survive. Things like needs of oxygen for breathe, fulfillment of hunger, thirst, sex and sleep. They are the biological needs which are most essential, it comes front of all the desires that human would want.Safety NeedsWhen physiological needs are fulfilled, the needs of security are followed.Human should fill consciousness of safety of their own health, employment, property and resources. Those factors wee-wee them feeling safe.Needs of Love/ beHuman is social animal, when the front two needs are filled, third need can become dominant. Human nature always seeks for the sense of belong and love/friendship. Maslow describes people seek to overcome feelings of loneliness and alienation (Maslow, Abraham (1954). Motivation and Personalit y. New York Harper).Needs for EsteemWhen the first terce needs reach to copacetic level, the needs for esteem can become next. It is like self-esteem and respect from others. When these self-esteem and respect is gratified, the person feels confident and of import as a mapping of person in a society. Deficiency of those needs would make a person feels weak, inferior and nothing.Needs for Self-ActualizationWhen each level of foregoing needs is fully meet, then the last level of needs self-actualization is activated. According to Maslow, self-actualization is what a persons need to be what they are born to do. There is a famous quote by Maslow, Abraham H. A musician must make music, an artist must paint, a poet must write, if they are to be ultimately at peace with themselves. These needs make people to feel progressing, reach-potential and self-fulfillment. (Psychology The Search for Understandingby Janet A. Simons, Donald B. Irwin and Beverly A. DrinnienWest Publishing Compan y, New York, 1987)By observing hierarchy of needs, each level tends to be satisfied to progress on next level of hierarchy. However, from the point of giving motivation view, none of those desires or needs could not been perfectly satisfied. Maslow theory describes that somehow-satisfied need could not stimulate the people any longer. How hierarchy of needs Theory could be used in managementAccording to Maslow, if someone wants to motivate somebody, there is a need of understanding what that specific person wants and find out where his or her need is located in hierarchy of needs and provide the upper level of hierarchy.Adamss Equity TheoryAdams, J.S. 1965. Inequity in social exchange. Adv. Exp. Soc. Psychol.An individual always do canvass himself to others. Lets say, an individual got offer of 2500 pound per month and he supposes it is genuinely good deal and took the job, he will do his job with passion and he will be satisfied with his work. However, if someone else or his acq uaintance forces the like job with 3000 pounds with same as his ability/work time/contribution, probably he will not be happy about his earning and job. Even if he was satisfied with his earnings in the beginning, as soon as he feels that its not fair or equal treatment, the matter that he gets good give it will not consider him practically, but rather obsessed with others payment.The problem is that individual starts to think comparatively and starts to believe it is not fair. An individual always compare within his mind and think about the effort he put in and the rejoin. By doing so, if an individual thinks that he is not fairly handle, the input effort will be directly affected (demotivated).Above examples idea is called Equity Theory and it was developed by Stacey Adams in 1965.It is simply, an individual comparing his input-reward and others input-reward proportion.For an employee to compare himself in equity theory, the referent is important variable. There are three ty pes of referent system, self and other.For system, the referent is the system of individuals belonged organization. Individual will take wage structures, wage policy and decision-making process into the consideration. Also, organization will need to make important decision with organizations system to an individual as a comparison to others.Putting self as a comparison referent, result ration of input will be referenced to individual.This is reflected by ones experience or standard wage or family maintenance-need allowance.Equity theory is not only interested in absolute reward, it also has interest in others reward. An individual do compare others input-reward, foot on effort, experience, education, and ability over their wage level, promotion and recognition. If an individual feels unfair and inequitable over reward ration of input, this feeling will make him/her to experience stress. This tension will continually provide motivation until he/she is treated in equity to him. How Equity Theory could be used in managementmonthly paid employees will enhance quality and quantity to feel the fairness with tension and increase input factor for fair wage proportion.When compensation is make with Production quantity, over-rewarded worker will have lower quality but high quantity just to increase their income. However, an individual who receive payment founding on price ratio will increase in effort to accomplish fairness and this will lead to increase in quantity and quality. But, this energy result in excess payment and unfairness. Therefore, managers should direct employees to enhancing in quality rather than quantity.Also motivation is influenced by not only absolute reward but also relative reward. Each time when employee feels that s/he is unfairly treated, it will follow an action to fix about that inequity, like ameliorate or diminished productivity or quality, absence and turnover. Therefore, it is most important factor to make employees to feel in equit y in equity theory. Vrooms anticipation theoryMost comprehensive explanation about motivation is performed within Victer Vrooms apprehension Theory.Expectancy theory is well described by Montana (Montana Patrick J Charnov, Bruce H, Management 4th edition (2008) Barrons Educational Series, Inc.), This theory emphasizes the needs for organizations to relate rewards directly to performance and to ensure that the rewards provided are those rewards deserved and wanted by the recipients.The antepast theory suggest that action is followed the expectation from the result and the amount of effort is decided by how attractive the result is to an individual himself. Below, there are three linkages with this theory. Effort-performance linkage Possibility of reward expected by putting certain amount of effort. Performance-reward linkage Beliefs which expect right reward will be devoted by doing certain level of performance. Attractiveness a persons target and desire of potential result or reward which could be obtained by doing his job successfully. each explanations seem similar, but simply there are three points.First, how much an individual should work for certain level of outcome and whether that outcome is possibly achieved.Second, what will be the reward for doing such work?Third, how attractive the reward is from the effort of doing such work and how does this job help with goal achievement? Applying Expectancy TheoryHow Expectancy Theory could be applied? For to link with motivation, I will example myself and try to find out how this theory used.Most of students have taste perception on professors or lecturer expecting for something that they would like to learn from the course unit. They would like to know when the exam will be, what kind of assignment they need to do and how much percentage will be taken to get maximum trend or how much amount of time will going to be needed, and think logically about whether this course is linked with what they need.Lets say that I feel in the way above. I liked this course unit and worked really voteless to get good mark on this essay. I have prepared for long time for this and believed that this will be helpful when I graduate and get good job or get into master course. Then, result came out, my average score of all the course units were 72 percent, however, this specific course was 41 percent. And I got angry and frustrated. Like other assignments, I prepared exact amount of time and put effort, but how could only this specific unit gets such a low score?From here there will be some interesting facts will be coming out. Suddenly, he (I, from others perspective from now on) will be constantly missing this unit course lecture and do not revise.Even if he attends the lecture concentration for this course is hugely dropped.So, we could say that his motivation is lacking with the related subject. Why did he change? To explain this using motivation theory termAt the beginning, the merit of good grade (Effort-performance linkage) was high. However, the result was not good (Performance-reward linkage). In other words, if the assignment was fairly graded based on what he did and got good score, the Performance-reward linkage is satisfied and it would have motivated him more. However, if he is demotivated, it is from his belief that his knowledge was not incongruous with fair grading system. How Expectancy Theory could be used in managementFirst, Expectancy Theory emphasizes on pay and reward. As a result, organization should believe that employees also want the same reward and compensate. This kind of perspective is from egoism that an employee interest group expected-satisfaction to be maximized. So that manager needs to try to fulfill that expected-satisfaction wisely.Second, theory points up understanding of attractiveness by the workers. Employees will want to be treated reasonably with positive result/target/outcome they expected. Therefore, the firm should try to satisfy emp loyees attractiveness.Third, theory highlights on expected performance. Does an individual understands what is expected on s/he and how could it be compensated. If workers do not grasp the point of this relation, the ultimate goal of organization will be never met. So, this is essential to make twain manager and workers to understand clear of performance-reward relation.Last, theory relates with perception. No matter what actually happens, a persons perception decides level of effort according from not objective result but from performance, reward and goal achievement. Therefore, there is a need for continuous feedback to match the reality and perception of workers.Case Study What is Nokia?Nokia is a Finnish multinational network corporation is headquartered in Keilaniemi, Espoo (Nokia in brief (2007) (PDF). Nokia Corporation. March 2008.)Nokias main industry is in the manufacturing of fluid devices and in converging Internet and communications industries, with 128,445 employees in 120 countries, sales in more than 150 countries and global annual revenue of EUR 50.7 billion and operating profit of 5.0 billion in 2008. It is the worlds largest manufacturer of mobile phones its global device market share is approximately 38% in 2009, (Q3 2009 Quarterly and annual information. Nokia Corporation. 2009-10-15)The Nokia brand, valued at $34.9 billion, is listed as the fifth most valuable global brand in the BusinessWeek, Best spherical Brands list of 2009 (first in non-US Company). It is the number one brand in Asia (as of 2007) and Europe. Also Nokia is the 42nd most estimable company worldwide in Fortunes Worlds Most Admired Companies list of 2009, and the worlds 85th largest company as measured by revenue in Fortune Global 500 list of 2009. (Fortune Global 500 2009. Fortune. 2009-07-14.) Nokias Case study for motivationIncentive Program Monetary Incentives work performance wage structure, Global subvention plan (when profit exceeded 20%, 5% cash payback), pr oduction and researchers incentives. Non-monetary performance bonus system and Complete and Fair AssessmentNokia motivates employees by providing rewards according to their performance. However, its grueling to see that they only motivated people with monetary returns, Non-monetary performance bonus system also help to motivate workers. Things like promotions and possibility to self-development will help and also a clear and fair system for this is needed.Nokia is not in seniority system, there was a case 34 years old man became vice president by his ability. Nokia tried to achieve highest level of work satisfaction.2. Empowerment organization Allowing autonomy, leads to motivationBureaucratic chain of command provides high efficiency, but this has disadvantage of blocking creative ideas coming up from bottom line of workers. And this is one of the factors blocking motivation. Exampling Nokia, they allow significant amount of autonomous decision to workers. This provides sense of b elonging to a company and people feel that they are taking part for companys profit. This leads to motivation of workers due to Maslows hierarchy of needs theory (sense of belonging).Case Nokia at once supported 6,000,000 dollars for the marketing for Pacific-Asia market as they received idea of competition going harsh in China.3. Project manager systemTechnology, marketing, production and salesman unites as one team and work for 1-2 years for specific project and managers for the project are empowered like chairman in that specific project this stimulates workers as it has venture business attributes. Nokia has number of small projects teams. Those groups decide everything like estimated budgets too. This gives power to agilely response to market changes.4. Human resource development programProviding self-developing opportunities to employees / maximise self-development and self-actualization at workHuman resource is crucial factor for economical production in industry f like Nok ia with high knowledge and technology. hawkish power is human resources. Modern employees tend to think a company as not only regulate for earning-money but also as place for self-actualization. Therefore, a company with no self-development lacks power to attract more human resources (Attractiveness, Vrooms expectancy theory). So, firms should provide more opportunities and sense of duty of the company like Nokias human resource development program.(In Nokia, they value employees through 180 inspections list, helps to find out each workers adaptation-skill and decision-making skills in five levels. By doing so, it tells what that employee needs in specific expand and gives job according to it and provide staff training service) and they also provided for experience improvement program by going around world branches. Based on Nokias motivation system, 19% of market share in mobile technology in 1999, increase up to 35% in 2001. Also, total sales were increased 48% leaving total pr ofit 56% higher.Matthew J. (1996), Future management () 11, Dae-kyung publishing company.Nokia homepage http//www.nokia.comAnalyzing Nokias success From www.hunet.co.krConclusionManagers tend to think that talented-employees turnover is cause by higher financial reward from other company. However, many of employees turnover reasons are like vision-realization, challenging to new work, harmony of both life and work, higher opportunity of recognition and flexibility of culture and organization. These kinds of reasons suggest that motivation is not only from financial issues but also from Non-monetary issues like mentioned above. I believe what employees consider most is winning recognition from their bosses about work-performance. If this is not done, its evitable to demotivate workers. In this contrast, Nokia has well understood workers, with fair assessment they have suggested sense of duty to their workers for the company and made them feel as important part of Nokia. As conclusion Nokia got grater profit and it can be said that Nokia has successfully motivated their employees. Those kinds of techniques of motivation are all founded from the theories of Maslow, Adams and Vroom and Nokia successfully adopted in reality.

Impact of Human Capital on Economic Development

Impact of Human Capital on Economic DevelopmentHow valete expectant contri thates to stinting study?IntroductionThe discipline of a estate plays a fundamental role in the development and frugal growth since its beginnings in the scientific and intellectual transmutation of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, and then the age of enlightenment which corresponds to the eighteenth century where the idea of development was transmitted, this philosophy comes from the last century. Human detonator has been an issue that has caused debate over its role in the Industrial diversity.Most economists and economic historians take in investigated how the charitable large(p) has a major impact on economic process in a country. The main reason is that individuals invest in raising, acquire skills and expertise. This means that everything that they read learned by means ofout their life is an investment in human capital which in turn seek an economic return. Education provides a game-income to the people and therefore to the economy of their country.It is essential to analyze the contribution of human capital in the economy. In the development of this essay we will explain two theories that atomic number 18 studied when analyzing fostering variable, these theories atomic number 18 the human capital theory and foretoken theory.The question that comes to the mind is whether a utmost growth of general teaching method gene wanders high economic growth or vice versa? correspond to the theory and verifiable evidence bear witnesss that program line is leading a high aim of economic growth, ie, that there is causality.There atomic number 18 different approaches to orphic and kindly returns to readingal activity but most empirical studies argon based on private returns. The problems that arise in the measurement of culture on economic growth of a country are omitted variables and reverse causality.Intellectual Origins of modern-day Economic Gro wthIn the sixteenth century the Baconian program diffused knowledge and natural philosophy was utilise to solve problems with technology and get economic growth, in this century scientific advances were crucial for industrialization. While in the seventeenth century began the age of enlightenment where institutions advance and promoted knowledge and technological advancement, this process without the Industrial Revolution would not waste had the same impact.After the the emergence of the countries in the Industrial Revolution some countries became members of the hostelry convergence. Mokyr (2005) argues that the age of enlightenment produced a high level of technological progress.A smashing and interesting question that we discuss always is why not everyone is demonstrable? According to history, economic growth has been dependent on the diffusion of knowledge. Since the Second World War is a phenomenon the growth of education in almost on the whole countries. David Landes say s that The heart of any process of industrialization and economic development is the intellectual. It is important to layer out that the technology transfer can be considered as an educational process.Learning certainly depends on the priority to be given to education. Therefore, public policy should address strategies to improve the education system in a country. When laws are proposed to develop a quality educational system we seek the effect of education on economic growth or vice versa? According to the theory, economic growth is a cause of educational growth, but it has in addition happened independently.Effects of human capital in the economy and its relationship with other variablesWe ask ourselves whether the expanding upon of quality education contributes to the development and growth of a country or region? Bjorkland A. and Lindahl M. (2005) argue that the contribution of education to economic development is overestimated and that mixer returns are not as great as the individual returns (per capita), while others say that the individual returns are larger than social. The main reason is that the contribution of education to the business of the society is subalterner than the effects of individual income or per capita.There are contradictory arguments about the role of human capital on the development and economic growth, for example, that neither had a big impact nor was the cause of the Industrial Revolution. Baten and Zanden J. L. argue that countries with low human capital had no effect on the Industrial Revolution while countries with better conditions reached the level of Great Britain and other countries surpassed it. Before the seventeenth century, the formation of human capital had a positive impact. The great divergence occurred in the period 1800-1913 where countries with high levels of human capital participated in the Industrial Revolution while less developed countries had no impact.Traditional re search has shown that human capita l is directly related to individual earnings and aggregate economic growth rate of countries. The problem arises when the amount of education is a premature measure of human capital, especially when the level of human capital in the midst of countries is compared.Many of the empirical evidence on human capital until 1990 was based on the amount of education such as the number of divisions of education. There are discrepancies when data is used for comparisons between countries, it is more than reliable to use data of regions within a country (Bjorklund A. Lindahl and M, 2005). The problems of such studies are data limitations that make it difficult to find comparable results across countries.For example if someone might think that a year of education in Ecuador is as productive as one year in Sweden. The person in mention would have to assume that the quality of the education system is identical in the two countries. This causes a problem in the estimation of the allocation of e ducation on economic growth because information is omitted, which in turn generates biased and inconsistent estimates. This could have a negative impact to the educational policies of the countries.For the above reasons, it is incumbent to incorporate the quality of education in tack together to have more reliable results using standardized data of math and science rather than years of schooling data. This variable allows us to consider aspects that are omitted in the measures of amount of education that are often used as proxy for human capital. This means that it is better to use quality indicators that quantity indicators of human capital.According to researchers, when education is measured by quality indicators that reflect the skills and abilities acquired in the work, is what really matters when the economic growth and development is analyzed.In the field of politics, this makes that educational policies be produced, focusing on improving educational attainment and teaching skills and technical knowledge. In addition to, the immenseness to identify the educational reforms that will need to be undertaken in order to be effective, so that will result in a widespread economic growth.Besides the problems of measures of skill, underestimation of income and consumption and heterogeneity of educational systems, the main topic of discussion among researchers is the inclusion of unobservable factors such as innate ability in the wage equation. Therefore, in order to determine the income of individuals is indispensable to know their productivity levels, and assume that these depend only on the years of training and experience, but it is not fully adjusted to the reality.There is causality between education and economic growth? According to studies of comparisons among countries, it has its limitation in the database and we cannot know with certainty whether more education leads to an increase of the gross domestic product or a high GDP causes an increase in th e demand of education in the society. A high level of education increases innovation and therefore to a higher economic growth. .One of the main factors that causes an increase in the childrens education is the education of parents. In turn, there is a relationship between education and other variables such as health, life expectancy, crime and political participation.Bjorklund and Lindahl (2005) conclude that there are no external effects that have a great impact on education on the other hand, they argue that there is empirical evidence demonstrating that education leads to an improvement on health, increases the life expectancy of people, has greater political participation, reduces the crime rate and that children of educated people become more productive. These authors argue that education may not be a variable that has a great impact on the economic development of a country and that the measure of GDP is too small to capture the full effects. Additionally, when analyzing varia tions among countries and regions is difficult to capture all the positive effects.Is education a sign?Human Capital Theory and Signaling TheoryTo know whether education is a sign, we should know about the human capital and signalise theories. These theories explain the human capital and inequality of wages earned by people. With Human Capital Theory wages through education and experience are determined. While signaling theory give ins that people are educated to provide signals to employers according to their skills but it is not considered the education as a mechanism that generates ocellus of human capital. The implications of these two theories is the productivity of individuals and the social costs of education. Most authors agree that education generates increases in the productive capacity of individuals and also provide their information to entrepreneurs through signals concerning to educationWage differences are also differences in productivity? There is a causal effect that is used to differentiate between a low and a high educated workforce, Morette (2004).Entrepreneurs rely on indexes and individual signals to determine the marginal productivity of the individual and thus assign them a salary that matches the expectations from that information. According to the idea of signaling, individuals can create their chances of wages and job through education, due to the fact that they acquire signals that make them more attractive in the labor market. From the point of view of workers, since they perceive the possibility to increase profits through the information of their own abilities, they will try to increase the resources earmarked to acquire this information, Stiglitz (1975).Human capital theories have been developed to give an explanation of the formation of wages. Despite the limitations that still exist in the database, the continuous effort to allow in relevant variables in human capital investigations has allowed to confirm the initial hypot hesis of human capital of Becker and Mincer. The assumptions of this theory are questioned when Spence proposes that education is used by individuals as signals that provide information about the skills of individuals. some(prenominal) theories maintain that the effects that education has on earnings of life cycle are positive. While human capital theory argues that wage determinants are education and experience that enable to the individual to acquire the skills to do a job , the signaling hypothesis of authors like Arrow, Spence and Stiglitz raises education as a process providing labels to workers to present these labels to employers in the selection process , but not a process that increase the real productivity of individuals. In this difference in the implications of teaching on individual productivity of each of the two theories we find the interest in knowing about the theory that explains the formation of wages in labor markets. In the event that the signaling hypothesis is confirm, individuals would go to educate themselves for the sole purpose of obtaining signals to provide to employers, in this case they are not developing their skills to be more productive, and they do not generate stock of human capital. In contrast, the predictions of the theory of human capital imply that education is still profitable for individuals and for society probably.Los estudios tratan de discriminar entre las state of matter teoras y as conocer la relevancia de las polticas educativas sobre la economa, aunque descartar cualquiera de las dos limita la respuesta de conocer los elementos que determinan los salarios. Se han desarrollado en los ltimos aos modelos que muestran que la educacin sigue resultando una inversin rentable para los individuos y para la sociedad y, a la vez, que los empleadores la toman como una informacin disponible acerca de la habilidad de los individuos.Studies attempting to discriminate between the two theories and to know the importance of education policies on the economy, but discard any of the two theories, limits the response to know the elements that determine wages. It has been developed in recent years models showing that education is proving a profitable investment for individuals and for society and, at the same time, that employers take it as information available about the ability of individuals.Social and private returns to educationThe social return to education is broader and has its effect on the public budget. Finally, different authors have used different approaches to the outline of the returns to education through private and social rates, average or marginal rates, depending on the purpose of the study.According to Psacharopoulos G. (1985) the returns are higher when primary education in a country is analyzed and private rates increase after the secondary level. He argues that private returns exceed social returns because public education is subsidized by the government.Returns to private educatio n include all the benefits and costs incurred by an individual, while the social discount rate includes supported by institutions, in addition to the taxes associated with education. Studies tend to focus on the analysis of private returns to education, regardless of social profitability. Very few investigations have been done about the impact that has the public financing in the decision of individuals or the social impact of subsidies on education.The returns to education are overestimated when based on the income of workers in all sectors. There is overinvestment in all levels of education.Problems in measuring education twain problems are presented. When data of education and income at aggregate level is used, the estimations are larger due to external effects while when individual or per capita income estimates are used, the estimations are smaller. For the above reasons, there exist a presence of Reverse Causality, ie that rich countries invest heavily in education and has com pulsory education while in other countries, individuals choose to educate themselves. The other problem is the omission of variables when making estimations of the effect of education on economic growth. In these cases high estimates for the omitted variables and reverse causality are produced.When measuring the impact of education on economic growth is very different when the level of GDP or the GDP growth is used, this latter variable measures the expected effect of growth on the level of education. Because problems arise when taking into account data from countries Krueger and Lindahl (2001) recommend using data between regions of a country.In addition to education, there are other factors that affect education and economic growth of a country, such as the level of capital-intensive and technology development.FINAL REMARKSThe Scientific Revolution and the Age of Enlightenment had a great importance in the process of industrialization due to technological progress and knowledge an d thus on economic growth of countries. In the nineteenth century, there was the Great Divergence where countries with high level of education had a great impact on the Industrial Revolution while countries with low human capital had no effect.Cuando se realizan las mediciones de la educacin y su efecto en el crecimiento de la economa se presentan dos problemas de estimacin que es la omisin de variables y el reverse causality. Hay que utilizar datos de buena calidad y todas las variables necesarias para que sea una estimacin consistente. Es recomendable realizar el anlisis en base a un mismo pas porque si se realizan comparaciones entre pases los datos tienen sus limitaciones.When measurements of education and its effect on the growth of the economy are performed, we find two estimation problems that are the omission of variables and reverse causality. It is important to use good quality data and also the most important variables in order to have consistent estimators. It is recomme nded that the analysis is based inside a country because if comparisons are made among countries, data have a lot of limitations.It is true that a high level of education generates high economic growth, but there is also evidence that progress occurs independently.If the community reaches a high achievement in the education level, the productivity in the economy will improve, achieving a high growth economy. Wage differentials reflect a greater productive value of human capital which is a component contributing to national production. Another effect on schooling as a result of good health positively affects education. Similar effects which would be obtained with increased productivity and growth.Education has an impact with the reduced growing in the population, meaning that much of the population reduces birth rates. The birth number of children affects the physical ability to work for women and their productivity. This is very approximate to the effect of the health variable. Ed ucation does not have a large effect on the agricultural sector because technology affects this sector.Education affects the labor market because it makes more people involved, increase the number of educate people and grow at a high rate of labor force participation.When an education policy aimed at improving the level of income distribution is apply should consider the groups that will be affected, then the results may be different depending on the treatment group and the affected group.For developing economies is difficult to give an quality of the impact of education on productivity and growth but will be even more difficult in low-income countries. Given the inefficient and non-transparent political and economic systems of many of these countries the returns to private education are met through non-productive activities. This means that in order to increase the relevance of education to economic growth is necessary to undertake a restructuring of the political and economic f ramework.BIBLIOGRAPHYBaten J. Zanden J.L . Book Production and the Onset of Modern Economic Growth, Barcelona.Bjorklund A Lindahl M. (2005), Education and Economic Developmrent. What does empirical show about causal relationships?. Institution for Social ResearchEasterlin R. (1981), Why Isnt the Whole World Development?. Journal of Economic History, Vol.41, No. 1, pp. 1-19.Mokyr J. (2005), The Intellectual Origins of Modern Economic Growth. Journal of Economic History, Vol. 65, No. 2.Psacharopoulos G. (1985), Returns to Education A Further International Update and Implications. Journal of Human Resources, Vol. 20, No. 4.Sianesi B y Van Reenen (2003), The Returns to Education Macroeconomics. Journal of Economic Surveys, Vol.17, No. 2.

Congress And The Change In Term Limits Essay -- Politics Political

Congress and The Change in Term LimitsIn 1994, for the first time in 40 years, Congress was drastically changed. TheDemocratic legal age was uprooted and new, lively, fresh workforce were instated with ajob to undertake. As part of the Republican=s AContract with America, thesenew Republicans had to revise the current Congressional term limit status. Inundertaking this task, these men and women ran into a seemingly stone road-block.This roadblock consisted of long-term, carreerists who were unwilling to change.The problem was non that in that location were no Congressmen who were committed to realchange elected in 1994 because there were, but Congress was highly dominated bylong-term careerists in both parties who seemed to have more than loyalty to thesystem than to their constituents. As Thomas Jefferson dictate it, "Whenever a manhas cast a longing eye on offices, a rottenness begins in his conduct." (Oxforddictionary of quotations, p.272) Over time, career legislato rs are more likelyto promote the interest of the establishment of which they are part than that ofthe larger public. This fact is not surprising. If most of a souls time isspent meeting with lobbyists, constituents, and bureaucrats, that person mayactually come to believe what these influential people are saying. This is whynew blood needs to enter Congress more frequently, in order to avoid the highlyinfluenced Congress that is filled with old people with old ideals. Needless tosay the once optimistic freshmen were unsuccessful in their task, and it=s plainto see why. Until that changes, Congress is not going to change. Congressmenneed to get back to basics and realize that they are in office to serve theirpeople, and not themselves.What would change Congress is term limits. By the middle of last year nearlyhalf of the states had restricted, almost all of them by popular vote, thenumber of basis that their members of Congress could serve. But then the SupremeCourt intervened. In U.S. Term Limits, Inc., et al. v. Thornton et al., a narrowfive-to-four majority voided these restrictions, stating that "allowingindividual States to craft their own qualifications for Congress would gum olibanumerode the structure envisioned by the Framers, a structure that was designed, inthe words of the Preamble to our Constitution, to form a Amore perfect Union.(US Law Week, 1995)Congress, na... ..., Edward H.(2), "Six and 12 The Case for Serious Term Limits,"National Civic Review, 1991. P. 251.Jefferson, Thomas. "Letter to Tench Coxe" 1799, The Oxford Dictionary ofQuotations, 3d ed. New York Oxford University Press, 1979, p. 272.McLaughlin, Fabrizio, Memorandum to "all interested parties," February 6, 1996,p. 1.      (www.poilticalscience/pub/quotes.com)Moore, Stephen and Steelman, Aaron. "An counterpoison to Federal Red Ink TermLimits," Cato Institute Briefing Paper no. 21, November 3, 1994, p. 21.(Http//www.cato.org )Payne, James, AThe Culture of Spending Why Congress Lives beyond Our MeansUniversity      Press, 1991 p. 175-80.Smith, Bradley A. " guide Finance Regulation Faulty Assumptions andUndemocratic      Consequences," Cato Institute Policy Analysis no. 238, September13, 1995, p. A15      (www.cato.org)U.S. Term Limits, Inc., et al. v. Thornton et al., 63 U.S. Law Week 4413, 4432.May 22, 1995. circumvent Street Journal "Conflict in Congress," Wall Street Journal, April 22, 1996,p. A22.

Nixon Essay -- essays research papers fc

NIXONNixon had a difficult early life with many trials and hardships, which affected his character and way of thinking most the world and himself. The premature death of two of his brothers caused him deep-rooted trauma. He had a lifelong inability to trust other people. From the competition between his siblings, he got a keen sense of competition and struggle and a belief that in the end, he was alone against fate and his enemies. He believed vehemently that The mark of the man is to be resilient and continually return after set-backs. Nixon believed that the successful competitor never lets his enemies have the final say in a contest of will. Some of his brutish attempts to discredit his political enemies may have come from the regular beatings his father used to keep Nixon in line. Nixons ambition was the theme of his life story.Nixon was natural in Orange County, California on January 9, 1913, the second of five sons of Francis A. and Hannah Milhaus Nixon. The Nixons were lo ng time members of the Society of Friends, more commonly known as Quakers. Nixon was nine at the time that his family moved to Whittier, California, where his father owned and operated a local gasoline station and country store. He attended public schools until the age of 17, when he entered Whittier Collage, a slight local Quaker institution. Success in student politics and strong debating skills crowned Nixons collage years. Upon graduation in 1934, he won a scholarship to Duke Law School in Durham, N.C. Since his family was short of funds to pay for his lodging and books, he got a part time job. He graduated tertiary in his class and was elected president of the Duke Bar Association. Nixon looked forward to a career with the FBI in Washington, D.C., but returned instead to Whittier to join the towns oldest law firm. When the firm capable a branch office in La Habra, he transferred there and got some excellent practical experience.Early in humanity War II, Nixon worked for se stet months in the Office of Emergency Management an experience which he said disillusioned him with bureaucracy. At a play tryout during this time, Nixon met Thelma Patricia Ryan, a schoolteacher, whom he marry on June 21, 1940. Though he wanted to move to a big city firm to be able to better support his new wife, World War II brought him to Washington, where he worked in the tire-rationing section of the Office of ... ...e American anti-hero. A self-made man, he achieved the American dream he rose from diminished roots to become president. He had the strength of will to hold on to his goal through many setbacks. But his ambition ultimately consumed him, and perhaps his mind. This may have created the paranoia that was his final undoing. BIBLIOGRAPHYBernstein, Carl, and Woodward, Bob. All The Presidents Men. New York Simon and Schuster, 1975.Nadle, Laurie. The Great Stream of History a Biography of Richard M. Nixon. New York Maxwell Macmillan International, 1991Maroon, Fred J., Wicker, Tom. The Nixon Years 1969-1974 snow-white House to Watergate. New York Abbeville Press, 1999.Richard M. Nixon. reason Unknown. Date Unknown. Richard Milhous Nixon. Originally appeared in the Encyclopedia of American Political Parties. Date Unknown. RICHARD M. NIXON. Tom Wicker. Date Unknown. Richard M. Nixon At a Glance. Author Unknown. Date Unknown.